Named for its location along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean or dry-summer subtropical climate also occurs in central and coastal southern California, central Chile, western Cape Province in South Africa, and portions of southern Australia. Except for the north coast of Africa, each of these areas is in the subtropical margin of middle latitudes on western or southern coasts. The main characteristics of the climate are a mild, rainy winter and a hot, dry summer.
During the cool season the prevailing westerlies dominate the Mediterranean climate. Cyclonic storms generated over the oceans pass inland, bringing cloudiness and rain, or snow at the higher elevations. Temperatures are generally mild, but frosts may occur even at low altitudes. Between storms, sunny skies are frequent. Winds such as the mistral in southern France or the Santa Ana in southern California result from the flow of cold, dry air off interior plateaus.
Subsiding air from oceanic high-pressure centers produces a dry summer season. Temperatures are high except along the immediate coasts, where sea breezes bring daytime cooling. Fogs are common where cold ocean currents flow along the coasts, as in the vicinity of San Francisco.
Typical summer-month average temperatures are 25 deg C (77 deg F); the coolest-month average is 8 deg to 10 deg C (46 deg to 50 deg F). Annual precipitation totals average 350 to 900 mm (14 to 46 in) in areas experiencing the Mediterranean climate. Winter snow in the mountains is a vital source of water for summer irrigation. Abundant sunshine and normally comfortable temperatures have made the Mediterranean climate famous for tourism as well as for the production of grapes, olives, citrus fruits, and vegetables.
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